As for the fragmentary, difficult, and disputed archaeology of Alexandria, it continues to produce new theories on the possible site of her palace or her tomb, each one as implausible (and newsworthy) as the last. One of its most famous librarians, in the early third century BC, was the poet Callimachus, originally from Cyrene (in modern Libya). Thanks for your time! She died in August, 30 BC, at the age of 39, alongside two of her servants. This page may contain sensitive or adult content that's not for everyone. Cleopatras time in Rome was officially up. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The pair gathered an army and waged war on her brother-husband Ptolemy XIII in 47 BCand they did not hold back. Cleopatra realized that she needed Roman support, or, more specifically, Caesars support, if she was to regain her throne. When you say Cleopatra in modern times, theres only one Queen of the Nile most people think of, but Cleopatra was actually the seventh woman in the Ptolemaic dynasty to bear that name. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! The Death of Cleopatra by Juan Luna, 1881. Cleopatra was actually the seventh woman in the Ptolemaic dynasty to bear the name. She may have been dubbed Queen of the Nile, but Cleopatra wasnt Egyptian by birth. Alexandria was a place of star-studded luxury, laid out with parkland, colonnades, and wide thoroughfares (according to Schiff, its main street could accommodate eight chariots driving abreast). Cleopatras last lover before her death was Mark Antony, the Roman politician and general. This was just one way she asserted herself over himand in time, her methods would become much more disturbing. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain]). Following her defeat at the hands of her husband-brother, Cleopatra was forced to flee along with her sister, Arsinoe IV. Cleopatra dressed up as the goddess Aphrodite and sat beneath a gilded canopy while servants dressed as cupids fanned her and burned sweet-smelling incense. She's officially known as Cleopatra VII Philopater. Nevertheless, in 34 bce Antony celebrated a triumphal return to Alexandria. Theda Bara as Cleopatra, from the 1917 movie Cleopatra. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain]). Her story is not important not just for her exploits, but also for the greater course of history. Her full title is "Cleopatra the Seventh Palopo" meaning that there were six other Cleopatra's before her. Just because Cleopatra and Mark Antony were the life of the party doesnt mean they didnt have their fair share of problems. Caesar and Cleopatra became lovers and spent the winter besieged in Alexandria. The mummy with the golden tongue was highly unusual, but it is only one of the fascinating relics that have been found in the 16 new burial shafts recently discovered by Kathleen Martinez and her Dominican-Egyptian team. In fact, the historian Plutarch wrote that her looks were neither incomparable or striking. In the end, we should probably resist the allure of biography and stick with the Augustan myth and Horaces demented queen.. To be sure, there are one or two pieces of vivid historical testimony, occasionally more or less firsthand, buried within these stories. This is, in part, thanks to the inventive traditions of modern drama, from William Shakespeare to Elizabeth Taylor, which have indelibly fixed a languorous and decadent queen bathing in asss milk in the popular imagination. The naval Battle of Actium, in which Octavian faced the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra on September 2, 31 bce, was a disaster for the Egyptians. Oh, she was seductive all right. Cleopatra for her part attempted to reunite the Egypt of Ptolemy I Soter. Cleopatra eventually married Mark Antony and had three children with him, but their relationship also spawned a massive scandal in Rome. Antonywho considered himself the embodiment of the Greek god Dionysuswas instantly enchanted. living a life of leisure and excess in Egypt, and even formed their own drinking society known as the Inimitable Livers. The group engaged in nightly feasts and wine binges, and its members occasionally took part in elaborate games and contests. It was a horrible mistake. What's certainly true is that Cleopatra was purposely portrayed as a cold-blooded seductress, who was using her sexual wiles to make Antony forget his duty to Rome. In order to meet Caesar face to face, in hopes of enticing him over to her side, she had herself smuggled through enemy lines while rolled up in a carpet, which was brought to Caesars private quarters. After his wife died waging a war on his behalf, he remarriedbut not to Cleopatra. So, she married himafter all, it had worked with the last brother. When we do, we depend on our loyal, helpful readers to point out how we can do better. Antony and Cleopatra spent the winter of 3231 bce in Greece. At the time, Caesar was 52 years old, and Cleopatra was 21. Speculation? Frankly, we shall never know. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain]). WATCH: Cleopatra: The Last Pharaoh on HISTORY Vault. Make no mistake: This was one smart cookie. So not only did he sort-of ditch Cleopatra, he also had two children with Octavia. Cleopatra is often portrayed as an elegant temptress in art and film, but theres evidence that she wasnt as physically striking as you might think. Antony had already left Alexandria to return to Italy, where he was forced to conclude a temporary settlement with Octavian. Years later, I was using her phone when I made an utterly chilling discovery. Archaeologists continue to search for it. Cleopatra knew her days were numbered, and she refused to go out quietly, so she came up with a dark plan. Cleopatra later employed a similar bit of theater in her 41 B.C. Casa Buonarroti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library, Cleopatra; drawing by Michelangelo, sixteenth century. They were buried together, as both of them had wished, and with them was buried the Roman Republic. but mysteries still abound about her death and final resting place. Despite their 31-year age difference, Cleopatra and Julius Caesar were lovers for two years. After Alexander died in 323 BC, three of his generals divvied up his empire; Ptolemy got Egypt. a disturbing custom that Cleopatra herself would become subject to, but as always, she had an ace up her sleeve. Cleopatra was determined to keep her throne and, if possible, to restore the glories of the first Ptolemies and recover as much as possible of their dominions, which had included southern Syria and Palestine. Copyright 2023 by Factinate.com. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Cleopatra plucked a priceless pearl from her earrings and dropped it into the vinegar. She personally led her fleet of over a dozen ships alongside Antonys own. Following a handful of battles, Mark Antonys naval fleet surrendered to Octavian in August, 30 BC. Plutarch explains that a young medical student, Philotas, was there and witnessed life below stairs. Cleopatra considered herself divine in accordance with the religion of the times: Egyptian rulers were both governor and god/goddess. One of the more remarkable finds was a female mummy that was enclosed in a full body death mask . Cleopatra was 255 years removed from Ptolemy I, but she was definitely of Macedonian/Greek origin and culture, not African. READ MORE:Did Cleopatra Really Die by Snake Bite? Cleopatra had won, and was the ruler of Egypt, but it wasnt enough for heras the people around her would soon find out. One particularly puzzling case is a famous procession in honor of the god Dionysus, sponsored in the early third century BC by one of Cleopatras predecessors on the throne, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (sister-lover). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. His Cleopatra not only goes to enormous trouble to acquire the snake with which to kill herself, but she also manages cleverly to conceal it in some aromatic plants, so that it bites Octavian as well when he comes to discover her body. Cleopatra was the first Ptolemaic ruler who learned to speak and write in Egyptian. So while Cleopatra was born in Egypt, she was, in fact, Macedonian Greek by origin. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The famous library, which housed the biggest collection of ancient texts ever assembled (though hardly, as Schiff fondly imagines, including every volume written in Greek), stood near the royal palace, and right next door to the Musaeum (place of the Muses)a kind of pleasure gardens, research institute, and dining club rolled into one. The name Cleopatra has become synonymous with exotic beauty and allure, but the real Cleopatras beauty was further down the list of her charms. In Alexandria, Cleopatra and Antony formed a society of inimitable livers whose members lived what some historians have interpreted as a life of debauchery and folly and others have interpreted as lives dedicated to the cult of the mystical god Dionysus. After the terrifying spectacle, many wouldve kept a low profilebut not Cleopatra. Even today, no one knows exactly where the tomb that houses the bodies of Cleopatra and Mark Antony is. Why was Cleopatra considered to be a god? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Generally, she represents the History of ancient Egypt. On the most reliable calculation of 3,000 measures, this would mean a leopard-skin sack of a volume roughly equivalent to three modern tanker trucks. The name Cleopatra is a girls name of Greek origin meaning glory of the father. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Antony would impale himself with a sword, but the method of Cleopatras demise is in doubt. He goes on to compliment the Alexandrians on the spectacular beauty of their city, tactfully including a passing tribute to Alexander the Great, who had founded it (the hero who is your founder, as Germanicus put it). More than a little annoying, since shed already been working alongside her father for years, but that wasnt the worst part. Alexander Helios was awarded Armenia and the territory beyond the Euphrates, his infant brother Ptolemy the lands to the west of it. What kind of poison did Cleopatra use to kill herself? Cleopatra was actually the seventh woman in the Ptolemaic dynasty to bear the name. All those of you born on February 29 who only get to celebrate their birthday once every four years have her to thank. In his will, he made 18-year-old Cleopatra and her 10-year-old brother joint rulers. Cleopatra inspired numerous books, plays, and movies. Our editors are instructed to fact check thoroughly, including finding at least three references for each fact. They were reputed to be not just rowdy and sometimes violent, but at the same time rich, cultured, fast-living, spectacular showmen, intellectual, cosmopolitan, and avant-garde (although, in a contrasting image, their local government became a byword for bureaucracyPtolemaic office practices being entangled in red tape). However, he did say that it was the whole packageher wit, her charm, and (again, according to Plutarch) sweetness in the tones of her voice that made her so irresistible to everyone. Where on earth did she get the idea, for example, that Roman women in the first century BC had the same legal rights aschickens? When John converted to Christianity at age 23, he decided to live with the monks in the mountains on the outskirts of Antioch. So Schiff invents a picture of the infant princess scamper[ing] down the colonnaded walkways of the palace, play[ing] with terra-cotta dolls and dollhouses, making regular trips up the Nile, and from an early age[being] comfortable among politicians, ambassadors, scholars. These may be innocent phrases, but they are only pretending to be biography in the usual sense of that word. He had a nickname "Auletes" which meant "flute player". Though she got the throne at 17, she was well-educated and well-prepared to take over the reins. Poison, however, was most likely her method of choice. Soon after her return to Alexandria, in 44 bce, Cleopatras coruler, Ptolemy XIV, died. A famous example of her flair for the dramatic came in 48 B.C., when Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria during her feud with her brother Ptolemy XIII. Ptolemy I Soter began ruling Egypt after Alexanders death in 323 BCE., launching a powerful dynasty of Greek-speaking rulers that lasted for nearly three centuries. Ancient Egyptian coins adorned with her face reveal that she likely had a strong jawline and a hooked nose. Most likely a posthumous portrait of Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt with red hair and her distinct facial features, wearing a royal diadem and pearl-studded hairpins, from Roman Herculaneum, Italy, 1st century AD. To be sure, the death of Antony devastated Cleopatra. Her exotic hairstyle and pearl jewelry became a fashion trend, and according to the historian Joann Fletcher, so many Roman women adopted the Cleopatra look that their statuary has often been mistaken for Cleopatra herself.. Once again, she prepared to take her own life, and this time, she was successful. In 50 BC, only a year after she ascended to the throne, Cleopatra became embroiled in a dispute between Roman troops and a Syrian governor. But it is worth observing that the English historian Adrian Goldsworthy in his recent double biography Antony and Cleopatra reached precisely the opposite conclusionthat she was an unimportant sideshow in Roman power struggles that she could hardly influence, the last in the line of a once glorious but now very faded dynastyon exactly the same evidence. Join thousands of others and start your morning with our Fact Of The Day newsletter. Her most recent book is SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome. But her honest profession of ignorance is the prologue to several paragraphs on what birthing procedures and infant care would have been like at the time (including cutting the umbilical cord with an obsidian knife and the qualities of midwives)and then on whether Cleopatra would have had access to reliable contraception had she so chosen. Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile River after being defeated in battle. Cleopatra now ruled with her infant son, Ptolemy XV Caesar. Legend has it that she died by enticing an aspmost likely a viper or Egyptian cobrato bite her arm, but the ancient chronicler Plutarch admits that what really took place is known to no one. He says Cleopatra was also known to conceal a deadly poison in one of her hair combs, and the historian Strabo notes that she may have applied a fatal ointment. With this in mind, many scholars now suspect she used a pin dipped in some form of potent toxinsnake venom or otherwise. A propaganda war erupted. One of Antony and Cleopatras favorite activities supposedly involved wandering the streets of Alexandria in disguise and playing pranks on its residents. It took Caesar two years to extinguish the last flames of Pompeian opposition. Reliefs of Cleopatra and Caesarion at the Temple of Dendera Egypt. In this conversation. The Ptolemaic dynasty ruled Egypt for 275 years and Cleopatra was the last of its rulers. In a last excess of devotion, he had himself carried to Cleopatras retreat and there died, after bidding her to make her peace with Octavian. Following the war, Cleopatra remarried to her younger. To judge from the papyrus, Germanicus was given a boisterous reception by the Alexandrians. Cleopatra was charismatic and intelligent, and she used both qualities to further Egypt's political aims. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, and Cleopatra retired to her mausoleum as Antony went off to fight his last battle. Did Caesar really give Cleopatra the nickname "golden mouth . Roman reinforcements arrived the following spring, and Ptolemy XIII fled and drowned in the Nile. Oh, and she was also determined that Mark Antony know about it. To view it, confirm your age. Each of the floats required hundreds of men to pull them along, partly because of the ingenious, mechanicaland presumably very heavydisplays that they carried. However, she wasnt just a seductress. Cleopatra had been made up to look like the goddess Aphrodite, and she sat beneath a gilded canopy while attendants dressed as cupids fanned her and burned sweet-smelling incense. encounter with Mark Antony. Were always looking for your input! She also possessed a mastery of politics and warfare. The name Cleopatra is a girl's name of Greek origin meaning "glory of the father". Ptolemy XIIIs reign and life ended when he drowned in the Nile River during a battle with Cleopatras and Caesars army. I tried to get my ex-wife served with divorce papers. Was it just a clich of royal extravagance? If the splendor of the show seems almost beyond belief, that is most likely because it is not to be believed. In 41 B.C., she also engineered the execution of her sister, Arsinoe, who she considered a rival to the throne. 4 Why was Cleopatra considered to be a god? After Cleopatras father died, she and her younger brother (Ptolemy XIII) were appointed as joint rulers. The text explains that placing gold foil on the tongue would ensure the deceased would be able to breathe, eat and speak in the afterlife. After leaving Egypt for Rome, she allied herself with Venus, the Roman goddess of love. During Cleopatras relationship with Caesar, she introduced him to her astronomer, Sosigenes of Alexandria. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Julius Caesar and Cleopatra meet while Egypt is in the midst of a civil war. Coins from back in the day bearing her likeness show a woman with a sharp, jutting chin, a strong pointed nose, and a prominent forehead. Even without a turbulent queen, Egypt was always liable to be trouble. Although Cleopatra was born in Egypt, shes actually of Macedonian Greek descent. His reaction was utterly heartless. She became queen on the death of her father, Ptolemy XII, in 51 bce and ruled successively with her two brothers Ptolemy XIII (5147) and Ptolemy XIV (4744) and her son Ptolemy XV Caesar (4430). And true, legend has it that she managed to seduce the two most powerful men of her day: Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. A sculpture of the Roman emperor Julius Caesar near the old orangery in the public Lazienki Park, Warsaw. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Here are 46 dazzling facts about Cleopatra, Queen of the Nile. While she gave them a good fight, she ultimately lost the battle. . Coin portraits of Cleopatra show a countenance alive rather than beautiful, with a sensitive mouth, firm chin, liquid eyes, broad forehead, and prominent nose. A much-favored coif: hair braided and pulled off the face into a tight bun wound at the nape of the neck, with short curls around her forehead. Caesar didnt hide that she was his mistressshe even came to the city with their lovechild, Caesarion, in towand many Romans were scandalized when he erected a gilded statue of her in the temple of Venus Genetrix. Oh, and those bangs that Taylor and Leigh sported in their film bios? These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Within months of taking the throne, Cleopatra made it clear she had no interest in sharing power with her younger brother. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Cleopatras younger brother Ptolemy XIII now sat on the Egyptian throne at only 13 years old, and he ruled with all the maturity and tact one would expect from a 13-year-old. Cleopatra and Mark Antony must have had some grand times together, in the true Dionysian style. But the early Ptolemies were great builders on a much wider scale. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. The epithet (Chrysostomos, anglicized as Chrysostom) means golden-mouthed in Greek and denotes his celebrated eloquence.John Chrysostom. According to lore, Cleopatra and Mark Antony enjoyed dressing up in disguise and wandering Rome while playing pranks on its unwitting citizens. Cleopatra by John William Waterhouse, 1888. According to popular belief, Cleopatra killed herself by allowing an asp (Egyptian cobra) to bite her, but for Greek and Roman historians, Cleopatra poisoned herself using either a toxic ointment or by introducing the poison with a sharp implement such as a hairpin. When Cleopatra took the throne, Egypt was already beset by a terrible droughtlow Nile flooding meant that crops failed, trade suffered, people went hungry, and less money was made. In it, he complains about his long sea journey and the fact that he has been torn from the embrace of my father and grandma and mother and brothers and sisters and children and intimate friends (a rather cozier view of imperial family life than Tacitus offersand especially striking when you recall that his grandma was the notoriously scheming empress Livia). Cleopatra, clever and charming, certainly knew how to make an entrance. The means of her death is uncertain, though Classical writers came to believe that she had killed herself by means of an asp, symbol of divine royalty. She also possessed a mastery of politics and warfare. According to his estimate, the pearls were worth 60 million sestertiiroughly $28.5 million dollars today. Alternate titles: Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester. In a bid to curry favor with the Romans, he married Octavians sister Octavia (they were very creative with names back then). Though most of Egypts rulers steadfastly clung to their Greek habits and culture, the inquisitive and open-minded young queen adapted many of her countrys customs. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Despite not being ethnically Egyptian, Cleopatra embraced many of her countrys ancient customs and was the first member of the Ptolemaic line to learn the Egyptian language. Going along with her shenanigans, Caesar commissioned a gold statue of Cleopatra which was erected in the temple of Venus in Rome. Or, see all newsletter options here. This contains a verbatim account of the speech he gave, in Greek, to the welcoming crowds on his arrival in Alexandria. 5 What kind of poison did Cleopatra use to kill herself? Cleopatra is responsible for a confounding phenomenon that we still deal with today. Some believe she pricked herself with a pin dipped into a lethal ointment. Receive our Weekly Newsletter. Octavian told her hed keep her alive, but that was all he said. Cleopatra buried Antony and then committed suicide. When Cleopatra sided with the Syrians, the Romans retaliated by helping her husband-brother Ptolemy XIII steal the throne from her. In 41 BCE, the beguiling empress employed similar theatrics when she was summoned to meet Mark Antony, the Roman triumvir in Tarsus. We have a detailed account of this, originally written by a historian about a hundred years after the event, now surviving only as a quotation in a vast literary encyclopedia (Deipnosophistae, or Philosophers at Dinner) compiled at the end of the second century AD by Athenaeus, who himself came from a town near Alexandria. February 11, 2021. In the reign of Cleopatra (5130 BC), before the large-scale investment in building, art, and culture in Rome itself at the end of the first century BC, Alexandria was the jewel of the Mediterranean. (Photo: Wikimedia Commons [Public Domain]). The mummies found at Taposiris Magna were not in particularly good shape, but they were buried with some other treasure, including coins depicting the face of Cleopatra, which means they were entombed around . She wore the hairstyle of her Greek ancestors, with her hair braided into a bun. Though they were forced to flee from Egypt together after Cleopatra was dethroned by her brother Ptolemy XII, Cleopatra and her sister Arsinoe IV had a fraught relationship. Yes, Cleopatra has been portrayed by some of the most gorgeous women in Hollywood (Vivian Leigh and Elizabeth Taylor among them). Nonetheless, Cleopatra and her contemporaries could look back over the last couple of centuries to all kinds of extraordinary achievements, often powered by migrants from the rest of the Mediterranean world. When she heard rumors that shed be taken to Rome, she was horrifiedshe didnt want to be paraded around as a prisoner. The murder of the Roman general Pompey, who had sought refuge from Ptolemy XIII at Pelusium, and the arrival of Julius Caesar brought temporary peace. Create good names for games, profiles, brands or social networks. He took the name Emperor Augustus, and he carried a statue of her through Romes streets every August in triumph. Cleopatra paid at least one state visit to Rome, accompanied by her husband-brother and son. Despite Antonys marriage to Octavians sister, their relationship began to crumble. More posts you may like. . Rome at the time, despite its enormous population and its political and military dominance over most of the Mediterranean, looked more like a provincial backwater, for the most part a jumble of twisting lanes and densely packed tenementsits public buildings decidedly unimpressive by Alexandrian standards. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Indeed, in 53 BC, Cleopatra had fled . When her father, Ptolemy XII, died in 51 BCE, Cleopatra and her brother, Ptolemy XIII, coruled until she was forced to flee, about 50 BCE. Cleopatra, (Greek: Famous in Her Father) in full Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Cleopatra the Father-Loving Goddess), (born 70/69 bcedied August 30 bce, Alexandria), Egyptian queen, famous in history and drama as the lover of Julius Caesar and later as the wife of Mark Antony. Nevertheless, they have noted that her beauty was heralded and that her appearance was seductive. Did Caesar really give Cleopatra the nickname golden mouth for her oral sex skills? Want to advertise with us? Cleopatra was of Macedonian descent and had little, if any, Egyptian blood, although the Classical author Plutarch wrote that she alone of her house took the trouble to learn Egyptian and, for political reasons, styled herself as the new Isis, a title that distinguished her from the earlier Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra III, who had also claimed to be the living embodiment of the goddess Isis. By Juan Luna, 1881 the more remarkable finds was a female mummy that was enclosed in full. 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Is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin but mysteries still abound about her death was Mark Antony.... Just because Cleopatra and Mark Antony must have had some grand times together in! Become subject to, but also for the cookies in the Ptolemaic dynasty ruled cleopatra nickname golden mouth for 275 years Cleopatra! To reunite the Egypt of Ptolemy I, but Cleopatra wasnt Egyptian cleopatra nickname golden mouth! And that her beauty was heralded and that her looks were neither incomparable or striking we. Cleopatra dressed up as the goddess Aphrodite and sat beneath a gilded canopy while servants dressed cupids... Waged war on her brother-husband Ptolemy XIII steal the throne adorned with her sister, Arsinoe IV reinforcements. Of a civil war just for her exploits, but as always, she introduced him to astronomer...