Because movement of the earths crust has occurred along the fault plane, rocks in the roof and floor may be highly fractured and sheared near the fault, which can weaken roof strata along the fault, leading to potential roof falls. Usually, movements along faults are not great at any one time. Fault gouge formed from movement along the fault. 2 of the geologic map; the Irvine-Paint Creek fault system extends well into sheet 3 as well. Radon levels in the black shales may be high, and homes and buildings in these areas should be tested for radon, but the homeowner should keep in mind that the health threat results from relatively high levels of exposure over long periods of time, and the remedy may simply be additional ventilation of the home. Offsets on these fault zones are mostly down to the south. the Moorman syncline of western Kentucky as the "Eastern Interior Aulacogen" and traced the trough from KY basemap layers are displayed above these ESRI basemaps. But while Americans are aware of the San Andreas fault and the seismic activity in California, which has wreaked havoc in San Francisco and Los Angeles, there are other, lesser-known fault lines in the United States that fly dangerously under the radar. But, also located beneath much of western Kentucky is the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). include the Michigan basin as well. saddle, the depression between the Jessamine dome and the Nashville dome of Tennessee; and the The fault also passes through Ballard, McCracken, Livingston, and Marshall counties before it reaches its terminus at the Tennessee border. Faulting What are gas prices at Buc EEs in Richmond KY? characterized at the surface by concentric and radial faults, an uplifted, brecciated, and partly dolomitized The NMFZ is the most significant of these lines, running west-south through the western part of the state, from the Illinois border through Paducah and extending along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to the west. In essence, these faults acted as a hinge line that cracked and broke when the Appalachian Basin was subsiding. In 1811-1812, three earthquakes measuring between 7-8 (out of the standard magnitude scale of 1.0-10.0) in magnitude originated from this fault. Pennsylvanian system compiled by Coskren and Rice (1979) from data derived from drilling records and southeasternmost Missouri, northeasternmost Arkansas, and adjacent areas of westernmost Tennessee and A description of meteor impact sites and other interesting features. bifurcates to form the Kankakee and Findlay arches (fig. response to some later event, formed along the western margin of the gravity high (Lidiak and Zeitz, 1976; Yes, Kentucky is in a seismic zone. Therefore, the term "Illinois basin" is used herein to avoid confusion.) Ordovician) deposition. Use this service to convert a single coordinate value (lat/lon, KY single zone, carter coordinate, etc..) to 14 different coordinate values. Keller (1981) indicate that the Moorman syncline is underlain by a large graben, which they name the The surface traces of faults are shown as black line segments on the geologic map, and offsets along some of the major faults are shown in the block diagram. Which 6 states are most at risk for these earthquakes? Pronounced effects of arching are shown by pre-Middle Devonian From AIPG (1993). USGS The USGS has a faults website that includes an interactive fault map that allows users to views a map. gravity high, which passes north-south through east-central Kentucky. The vertical component has been stretched or vertically exaggerated in the above diagram. from the Illinois and Michigan basins. %PDF-1.4 % This devastating earthquake destroyed numerous homes and took the lives of over 2,000 people. The debate over the maximum magnitudes of earthquakes is still ongoing and there has yet to be a definitive answer as the exact measurement of magnitude is hard to pin down due to the strength of the tectonic plates in different areas. Alaska has a long history of powerful earthquakes, including the 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake which had a magnitude of 9. The NMSZ is the most active seismic area in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 0000001642 00000 n The Waverly arch and the Kentucky The fractures are covered by thick layers of rock, which in turn are overlaid by deep, unstable alluvial material relating to the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers. In eastern Kentucky, surface faults are relatively well mapped and relatively far apart, so mine operators know where they are and do not commonly encounter unexpected faults. The potential for significant shaking and ground movement can cause considerable damage to structures in the region. Left: All is well in this newly built home until water from percolation, drains, lawn sprinklers, leaking sewers, or water mains soaks swelling soil beneath the foundation. King and Zeitz (1978) have recognized the New York-Alabama basement It started at 8:11pm GMT on May 22nd 1960 and ended at approximately 8:21pm GMT. suggest that the Waverly arch represents the position of this migratory arch during Beekmantown (Early This fracturing may influence slope stability and groundwater flow in these limited areas. ), Swelling soils and expansive clay shales can cause construction problems in some areas of the county. Ervin and McGinnis (1975) suggested, largely on the The quake was the largest earthquake ever recorded in magnitude and intensity, occurring off the coast of Valparaiso, Chile. The Appalachian basin in Kentucky contains several major structural features: the Kentucky River and Irvine-Paint Creek fault systems, the Pine Mountain thrust fault, and the Waverly arch of northeastern Kentucky (fig.16). This rock is used for making aggregate, agricultural limestone and for cement and asphalt production. The Mesozoic and Cenozoic were characterized by uplift and minor faulting, associated with 0000000016 00000 n Oklahoma has experienced an uptick in seismicity over the past decade and faces risks from both induced and natural earthquakes. ), and was discovered in the late 1960s. The Appalachian basin is divided structurally into an eastern highly deformed part, the fold-and-thrust If faults were active just after peat/coal accumulation, roof rocks may change rock type or thickness across faults. These cracks in the crust have caused considerable damage in the past and scientists say will do so again. near faults. The Kentucky Geological Survey states that there are four major fault lines that run through Kentucky: the New Madrid Fault Zone (NMFZ), Greenville Fault Zone (GFZ), Easterville Fault Zone (EFZ), and Cherokee Uplift (CU). P, Elliott County peridotite intrusion. Carlisle County - Bardwell. and especially in western Kentucky. 5 earthquake, the resulting tsunami impacted countries thousands of miles away, devastating communities and taking even more lives. There are at least 16 known fault lines in Kentucky, with many more that have yet to be mapped and studied. This area, mostly on sheet 3 of the geologic map, forms a part Cryptoexplosive structures: J, Jeptha Knob; MO, Middlesboro; MU, Muldraugh dome; V, Versailles. Appalachian basin.--The eastern part of Kentucky, particularly the area east of the Pottsville Escarpment, lies Paved roads constructed without precautions on swelling soils exhibit heaving, undulation, and extensive cracking. If a quake of that magnitude were to occur, it would result in widespread damage across much of the midwestern states, including Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Getting the basin filled with water as soon as possible after construction prevents drying and cracking, and possible leakage, of the clayey soil liner. Through millions of years, strata have gradually dropped downward above the rift, along the southern edge of the Rough Creek faults and the northern edge of the Pennyroyal Faults. Reverse or thrust faults are faults in which one side is moved upward relative to the other side. and Zietz, 1976), marking the southern boundary of the Moorman syncline, is similar in form to the Rough Originally, the network provided a group of geologists who served as resource persons for teachers. An Equal Opportunity University. 4 magnitude quake that occurred near the same location on July 4, 2019. The Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar district, at the west end of the Moorman syncline, is a structurally complex Mapped faults provide an obvious location and orientation that can be projected in advance of mining. In the fall of 1996, ESEN was expanded to provide resources from around the globe using the World Wide Web. It. These faults roughly parallel the trend of the Cincinnati Arch and are related to the origin of the stresses that upbowed the Arch, deep beneath the surface of Kentucky. Lying in the central area of the North American Plate, the seismic zone is about 45 miles (70 km) wide and about 125 miles (200 km) long. Silurian deformational event argues against an impact origin. These fractures can also contribute to roadway failure. var d = new Date(); Recent geophysical, geological, and seismological studies of the Reelfoot basin, which underlies the Jackson University of Kentucky. failed arm (the "Reelfoot rift") of a late Precambrian triple junction. It's by far the largest earthquake ever to strike the United States east of the Rockies. Digital Map of the Hayward Fault Map showing active fault traces within the Hayward Fault Zone, including a virtual tour of the Hayward fault in the east San Francisco Bay Region that can be viewed in the Google Earth. recurrence curve plotted for the New Madrid seismic zone (Nuttli, 1979) shows that, for example, in a Old mine maps in a potential mine area can also provide information as to the location of potential faults. Several types of smaller, nontectonic faults have also been encountered during mining and are discussed separately in different sections of this website. The present structural relief on the arch results mostly from latest Paleozoic Last modified No major damage was reported, although numerous cracks and water leaks appeared in homes in Hardinsburg. The resulting power outages, liquefaction, and flooding would further add to the destruction. Use this service to convert a delimited text file of coordinate values (guidelines given on the page) to a choice of 14 different coordinate values. 3 magnitude quake that occurred near Hardinsburg on April 25, 2012. Most polygon layers have some transparency set (e.g. Rock strata often dip more steeply near faults or between closely spaced faults. show the general aspect of this broad uplift and the high-angle fault systems that transect it. dome (Lexington dome of some authors), a culmination of the arch in central Kentucky; the Cumberland Rock excavation may be required in areas with shallow soil (excavation was not required here). We are currently working on a solution for this issue. Summaries of the geology in each of Kentucky's counties by Kentucky students. Ordovician inception of the arch in Kentucky, the geologic quadrangle mapping has shown no features of In seismic exploration, energy waves are directed into the ground and are reflected by the different grouping of rocks back up to the surface and recorded. geologic map; evidence of these features has been reported from Mississippian and older rocks in More Pennsylvanian strata are preserved south of these faults than north of the faults. A compiled set of FAULT features for the state of Kentucky as digitized by the Geospatial Analysis Section, Digital Mapping Team. Surface traces of the faults in the soft alluvium erode quickly or may be rapidly covered by new deposits thereby hiding evidence of earlier earthquakes locations. The following brief descriptions of the four structural provinces include discussions of their regional setting, a relatively large number of strong shocks, and occurred over a long period of time. 02% in any given year. 1979, p. F23) (see cross section G'-G"). Kentucky is far enough inland that it does not border any part of the North American Plate. The tectonic plates of the earth are the large, moving portions of the lithosphere (the solid outer layer of the earth) and they typically cover entire continents or ocean basins. Hillside road construction can cause earth movements if not properly planned, as shown in the photographs above and below. What are the most dangerous fault lines in the USA? (Photographs by Paul Howell, USDA-NRCS. marking a region of continental collision associated with the Grenville event. 3 quake occurred near Smiths Grove. granites, metasediments, and felsic volcanics are associated with gravity lows, while mafic volcanics, *0 ! sedimentation, the Reelfoot basin, in roughly the same position, and Cressman (1973, p. 57) interpreted by the Kentucky Geological Survey, Alternate titles: Mississippi Valley fault system, New Madrid Fault. summarized the available gravity, magnetic, seismic refraction, and petrologic data for Kentucky and Lying in the central area of the North American Plate, the seismic zone is about 45 miles (70 km) wide and about 125 miles (200 km) long. In 1996, the Education Committee of the Kentucky Geological Survey, in conjunction with the Kentucky Society of Professional Geologists, established the Earth Science Education Network (ESEN). The most dramatic fault shown in the block diagram is the Pine Mountain thrust fault, which occurs in southeasternmost Kentucky. Output is the same text file with the converted values and the KY county and KY 1:24,000 quadrangle where a coordinate is located. 0000003418 00000 n An expression (above) of the Kentucky River Fault occurring in limestone north of Clays Ferry bridge on I-75, which continues under the bridge itself (below). 141 0 obj <>stream Within the thin Kentucky River valley along the northern edge of Madison County, and in the lower reaches of the valleys of the larger creeks that empty into the Kentucky River, most drilled wells will produce enough water for a domestic supply at depths of less than 100 feet. The USDA-NRCS can provide guidance on the application of these liners to new construction, and for treatment of existing leaking ponds. These structures are described by the following categories: The block diagram shown above, represents a slice through Kentucky, as if a giant knife had cut the State to a depth of 3,000 feet. Without remedial measures, the house will actually become deformed and shatter masonry and windows. The age is closely constrained: disturbed beds include The cross section shows numerous faults cutting across and offsetting the strata beneath the surface of Kentucky. document.write(d.getFullYear()); They maintain that the erosion of surface material in the region allowed the upward force of warmer, expanding rocks below to overcome the weight of the remaining rocks above. Earthquakes in Kentucky mostly occur due to seismic activity associated with the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones, though there can be earthquakes caused by other seismic events. Howell (1963), who applied the name Rome trough to a belt of thickened Cambrian Rome Formation in the The largest earthquake in recorded history to have ever occurred in Kentucky was a magnitude 5. Prior site planning that takes geology into account is always preferable to dealing with problems after a structure is built. 1 magnitude earthquake occurred in the state of California on July 5, 2019. border of the trough, which coincides with the Kentucky River fault system. USGS Interactive Fault Maps. Fractures in limestone are enhanced by slightly acidic rainwater to produce sinkhole collapses, which are infilled with soil from the surface. The arch thus separates the Appalachian basin expression of a cryptoexplosive structure nearly 4 mi across in Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian rocks. Closer to home is the Ramapo Fault Zone, which stretches from New York through New Jersey to Pennsylvania and was most active millions of years ago during the formation of the Appalachian Mountains. The 150-mile (240 km)-long seismic zone, which extends into five states, stretches southward from Cairo, Illinois; through Hayti, Caruthersville, and New Madrid in Missouri; through Blytheville into Marked Tree in Arkansas. The fact is most states are at risk of major . Map via USGS 1. In eastern Kentucky, surface faults are relatively well mapped and relatively far . Harris (1970) has shown the fault to be a ramp on a bedding plane The Rough Creek fault system (Rough Creek-Shawneetown of some authors) crosses the southern end of The Appalachian basin in Kentucky contains several major structural features: the Kentucky River and stratigraphy or sedimentation of the Ordovician rocks that can be related to the arch (Cressman, 1973, p. 8; Below the sedimentary rocks are igneous and metamorphic rocks. Englund and Roen (1963) suggested a meteor-impact origin for the structure on the basis of the presence of This map shows the major fault lines in the US! suggesting a "crypto-volcanic" nature. subsurface of eastern Kentucky. California experiences thousands of earthquakes each year, many of which cause moderate to significant damage. The EFZ runs east-west through the far western part of the state and into Tennessee, while the CU runs through eastern and southeastern Kentucky. } or post-Paleozoic movement. Early Silurian time (McDowell and Peterson, 1980; McDowell, 1983), when strata of the eastern flank began The oldest rocks at the surface in the State occur in central Kentucky, because older rock strata is pushed upward along a broad bulge, called the Cincinnati Arch, which in Kentucky, stretches from Covington in the north, to just west of Dale Hollow Lake in the south. Branches of the fault extend into Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky. The KyGeoNet is the Geospatial Data Clearinghouse for the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Contact the Webmaster for questions and comments. The quake was felt for over 200,000 square miles, including in the Carolinas, Alabama, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The most recent major earthquake in Ky was the M4. F21). Six states that are most at risk for earthquakes are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Washington, Oklahoma, and Arkansas. https://mrdata.usgs.gov/services/wfs/sgmc2. Thankfully, there were only minor reported injuries and no deaths associated with the quake. OKeefe and others (2008) reported on a mine in Hopkins County that began in the Springfield coal, crossed a fault without much offset into the Coiltown coal (W. Ky. No. Deposition of the Upper gneiss, two-feldspar granite, medium-grade metamorphic rock, and anorthosite, while west of the front The basin A compacted clay liner, or artificial liner, may prevent pond failure. structure, about midway between Louisville and Lexington (sheet 2), is 14,000 ft in diameter. These faults were pathways for mineral-rich fluids, which deposited many types of minerals including fluorite. 16). (See New Madrid earthquakes of 181112.). In the end, some 3,000 to 5,000 square miles (7,800 to 13,000 square km) were visibly scarred with the effects. Thankfully, the area was not as populated as it is now, so the damage was limited. example, Sable (1979), as the Eastern Interior basin; others, such as Snyder (1968), use the latter term to <]/Prev 1512027>> The 9. Washington experiences frequent, moderate earthquakes from its many active fault systems. At the second fault the mine operators were able to ramp 15 feet into the Herrin coal (W. Ky. No. We obtained all three digitized sets of fault locations. Illustration prepared by Paul D. Lowman Jr., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Denison and others (1984, fig. All of these fault lines have the potential to produce earthquake activity, though the greatest threat is to the NMFZ. Creek and Pennyrile fault systems, the Moorman syncline, and faults in and around the Illinois-Kentucky While stronger quakes can still occur, they are rare and damage is usually minimal. The death toll likely would have been much higher if the quake had lasted any longer. basis of geophysical data, that the present embayment stems from the late Mesozoic reactivation of the place of about 35,000 ft (Colton, 1970, p. 13). Underlying shale may restrict percolation in some areas. Both sides of the Illinois Basin are preserved in western Kentucky, which is why the Pennsylvanian strata on the geologic map have a roughly circular pattern surrounded by Mississippian strata. regional facies relationships of the Lexington Limestone of central Kentucky and adjacent States as implying Engineering design principles are employed in roadways and bridges to prepare for such situations. Contact the BGADD Water Coordinator for more information on Source Water Protection Areas. Thanks for contacting us. At the surface it is represented In some areas, faults may bifurcate and merge laterally. FIGURE 16.--. Some seismologists believe that the maximum magnitude for a quake is 9. Rock movement along fault lines might be reactivated during an earthquake. Seismologists say we can expect the next one any day now. Fun times! Thus, it is still unknown whether or not there has ever been a 10. Chain-link fencing is used to prevent further rock falls on a road cut in Madison County. Seismic risk associated with these faults is very low. Boonesboro Quarry mines the Camp Nelson Limestone along the Kentucky River. Geologists know what the rocks in the subsurface look like from data gathered during drilling beneath the surface for oil, natural gas, coal, industrial minerals, and water resources, and from seismic exploration. View Show in a web browser window: [ Legend for lithology colors] Show in Google Earth or other KML viewer: kygeol.kml (Uncompressed, 23.1M) Don't search a large area this way, it takes too long. major structural features, and tectonic history, including age of deformation where known. All six states are at increased risk for experiencing damaging earthquakes and should be prepared with proper mitigation strategies. On December 16, 1811, and January 23 and February 7, 1812, a series of three earthquakesthe largest in recorded American history east of the Rocky Mountainsoccurred near the frontier town of New Madrid, Missouri. In Tennessee, the fault line continues from northern Mississippi, and passes through Chester, Henderson, McNairy, Hardin, and Wayne counties, before entering western Kentucky. 14), and then after some distance, crossed another fault. Campbell County - Alexandria. From AIPG (1993). xref Where this occurs, minor unmapped faults may be encountered. A magnitude 0000000879 00000 n Cambrian 15). The threat is so great, the BBC even did a nifty video on the potential MegaQuake threat. Kentucky, United States has had: (M1.5 or greater) 0 earthquakes in the past 24 hours. Carroll County - Carrollton. Most of this data has been summarized by McGuire and FIGURE 15.--Structural setting of the eastern midcontinent. Updates? The faults along the southern border of the Western Kentucky Coal Field (part of the Illinois Basin in Kentucky) include the Pennyroyal Fault System. 1 earthquake, which caused some damage to homes and businesses in the area. 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